Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Expertology

The article reviews the issues of studying the capabilities and areas of application of artificial intelligence technologies (AI) in forensic expertology as a science of forensic examination and forensic expert activity. The authors have developed the criteria for choosing the direction for the introduction of AI in the system of forensic expertology, and specifically in its innovative section – the management system of forensic expert activity.
The prospects for the development of AI technologies in forensic examination are associated with the processing of big data based on the expert situation, the reliability of the data used in AI training and further validation (assessment of suitability) of the applied training methodology, analysis of the results of AI technology. To solve organizational and legal issues of integrating AI technologies into legal proceedings and, specifically, into forensic examination, a system of standards regulating the order, algorithms and procedures for its implementation and use of is proposed. At the same time, the assessment of the suitability of the results of the use of AI in forensic examination should become an ongoing process included in the activities of each forensic expert organization. The necessary consistency of this process determines the updated paradigm of forensic examination in the conditions of functioning AI technologies in it and the cyclical nature of the entire process of their implementation and use. Process cycle is a set of sequential actions at different levels: initiation of AI technology, evaluation (suitability) of its results at the first level, adjustment and implementation of the updated version of AI technology, assessment of the next level, etc. In GOST accredited ISO/IEC 17025-2019 forensic laboratories such system activity, although not related to AI, has already been implemented, it corresponds to the PDCA cycle (P – plan, D – do, C – check study, A – act). Therefore, for such laboratories, the modification of the organization and management of the activities in the implementation of AI technologies is the most organic and acceptable. In addition, all work on AI in the field of forensic expertise should take into account the provisions of the AI Code of Ethics, which applies to relations associated with the ethical aspects of creation (design, construction, piloting) the introduction and use of AI technologies at all stages of forensic activities.

1. Chernogor N.N. Artificial Intelligence and Its Role in the Transformation of Modern Law and Order. Journal of Russian Law. 2022. No. 4. P. 5–15. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.12737/jrl.2022.037

2. Rossinskaya E.R., Galyashina E.I., Zinin A.M. Theory of Forensic Science (Forensic Expertology). Textbook. 2nd ed. Moscow: Norma: INFRA-M, 2016. 368 p. (In Russ.).

3. Omel’yanyuk G.G., Usov A.I. The Trends of Forensic Expertology Development in Modern Conditions. Theory and Practice of Fundamental and Applied Forensic Research of Forensic Activities and DNA Registration of the Population of the Russian Federation. Ufa, 2022. P. 156–161. (In Russ.).

4. Bessonov A.A. Artificial Intelligence in Crime Investigation: Present and Future. The Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Сonference “Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Realities and Needs”. Kosshi, 2023. P. 24–29. (In Russ.).

5. Klimova Ya.A. Artificial Intelligence as a Tool of Digital Forensics. The Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Сonference “Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Realities and Needs”. Kosshi, 2023. P. 241–245. (In Russ.).

6. Hmyz A.I. Using the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Expertise. Bulletin of Economic Security. 2022. No. 5. P. 224–227. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24412/2414-3995-2022-5-224-227

7. Geradts Z. Digital, Big Data and Computational Forensics. Forensic Sciences Research. 2018. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 179–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1500078

8. Schneider J., Breitinger F. Towards AI Forensics: Did the Artificial Intelligence System Do It? Journal of Information Security and Applications. 2023. Vol. 76. St. 103517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103517

9. Digital Forensics and Strong AI: A Structured Literature Review. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation. 2023. Vol. 46. St. 301617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301617

10. Spranger M., Heinke F., Appelt L., Puder M., Labudde D. MoNA: Automated Identification of Evidence in Forensic Short Messages. International Journal on Advances in Security. 2016. Vol. 9. No. 1–2. P. 14–24.

11. Leone M. From Fingers to Faces: Visual Semiotics and Digital Forensics. International Journal of Semiotic Law. 2021. Vol. 34. P. 579–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-020-09766-x

12. Pace L.R., Salmon L.S.A., Bowen Ch.J., Baggili I., Richard G.G. Every Step You Take, I’ll Be Tracking You: Forensic Analysis of the Tile Tracker Application. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation. 2023. Vol. 45. St. 301559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301559

13. Kim S., Jo W., Lee J., Shon T. AI-Enabled Device Digital Forensics for Smart Cities. The Journal of Supercomputing. 2022. No. 78. P. 3029–3044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-03992-1

14. Jo W., Shin Y., Kim H., Yoo D., Kim D., Kang C., Jin J., Oh J., Na B., Shon T. Digital Forensic Practices and Methodologies for AI Speaker Ecosystems. Digital Investigation. 2019. Vol. 29. P. S80–S93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.04.013

15. Ali-Gombe A., Sudhakaran S., Vijayakanthan R., Richard G.G. CRGB_Mem: At the Intersection of Memory Forensics and Machine Learning. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation. 2023. Vol. 45. St. 301564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301564

16. Kelly L., Sachan S., Ni L., Almaghrabi F., Allmendinger R., & Chen W. Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Digital Forensics: Opportunities, Challenges and a Drug Testing Case Study. Digital Forensic Science. London: IntechOpen, 2020. P. 159–172. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93310

17. Belyaeva L.I. The Place and Role of Artificial Intelligence in a Legal Relation. The Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Сonference “Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Realities and Needs”. Kosshi, 2023. P. 35–42. (In Russ.).

18. Kokin A.V., Denisov Yu.D. Artificial Intelligence in Criminalistics and Forensic Examination: Issues of Legal Personality and Algorithmic Bias. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2023. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 30–37. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-30-37

19. Meissner G. Artificial Intelligence: Consciousness and Conscience. AI & Society. 2020. Vol. 35. P. 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00880-4

20. Makovkin A.S. Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence Application. Gramota. 2015. No. 2 (52). P. 130–132. (In Russ.).

21. Kim H., Kim I.S., Kim K. AIBFT: Artificial Intelligence Browser Forensic Toolkit. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation. 2021. Vol. 36. St. 301091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.301091

22. Aminev F.G. Organizational and Legal Issues of Formation and Use of Big Data in Legal Proceedings. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Сonference “Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Realities and Needs”. ҚKosshi, 2023. P. 169–174. (In Russ.).

23. Taran K.K. Prerequisites for the Legal Regulation of Intellectual Activity Results Created by Using Artificial Intelligence. Law and Economics. 2023. No. 1. P. 20–26. (In Russ.).

24. Tsvetkov Yu.A. Artificial Intelligence in Justice. Law. 2021. No. 4. P. 91–107. (In Russ.).

25. Kharitonova Yu.S., Savina V.S., Pagnini F. Civil Liability in the Development and Application of Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Systems: Basic Approaches. Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2022. Issue 58. P. 683–708. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2022-58-683-708

26. Afanas’ev S.F. On the Problem of Substantive and Procedural Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence. Herald of Civil Procedure. 2022. No. 3. P. 12–31. (In Russ.).

27. Shakhnazarov B.A. Legal Regulation of Relations Using Artificial Intelligence. Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2022. No. 9. P. 63–72. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.142.9.063-072

28. Channov S.E. Robot (Artificial Intelligence System) As a Subject (Quasi-Subject) of Law. Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2022. No. 12. P. 94–109. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.145.12.094-109

29. Kamalova G.G. Ethical and Legal Issues of the Protection of the Right to Privacy in the Creation and Use of Robotics and Systems of Artificial Intelligence. Informational Space: Ensuring Information Security and Law: Collection of Scientific Works / T.A. Polyakova, V.B. Naumov, A.V. Minbaleev (eds.). Moscow: IGP RAN, 2018. P. 238–248. (In Russ.).

30. Dreyfus H.L., Dreyfus S.E. What Artificial Experts Can and Cannot Do. AI & Society. 1992. No. 6. P. 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472766

31. Rossinskaya E.R. Doctrine of Digitalization of Forensic Expert Activity in the System of Subtheories of Forensic Expertology. Theory and Practice of Forensic Expertise in Modern Conditions: Materials of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference (MSLU, January 28–29, 2021). P. 261–267. (In Russ.).

32. Kubasov I.A., Shapkin A.V. Development of Standards for Monitoring the Level of Trust in Neural Network Applications of Artificial Intelligence Used by Divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Strategic Development of the Russian Interior Ministry System: Status, Trends, Prospects. Collection of Articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference (Moscow, October 23, 2020) / I.G. Chistoborodov, A.L. Sitkovskii, V.O. Lapin (eds.). 2020. P. 428–435. (In Russ.).

33. Shapkin A.V., Kubasov I.A., Ivanov A.I. Development of Domestic Neural Network Artificial Intelligence in a Protected Version. Vestnik of Voronezh Institute of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service. 2019. No. 4. P. 132–144. (In Russ.).

34. Orlov Yu.K. Forensic Examination as a Means of Proof in Criminal Proceedings. Moscow: IPK RFCFS, 2005. 264 p. (In Russ.).

35. The Basics of Forensic Science. Part 1. General Theory. Moscow: RFCFS, 1997. 431 p. (In Russ.).

36. Pivoev V.M. Truth and Reliability. Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2010. No. 1 (106). P. 65–70. (In Russ.).

37. Edzhubov L.G. Reliability and Validity of Forensic Expert’s Conclusions. In: Smirnova S.A. (Ed.). Multimodal Edition “Forensic Science: Reset”. Part 2. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Theory of Forensic Science. Moscow: EKOM, 2012. P. 100–101. (In Russ.).

38. Kubasov I.A. Ensuring Trust to Artificial Intelligence in Judicial and Law Enforcement Activities. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Сonference “Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Realities and Needs”. ҚKosshi, 2023. P. 253–260. (In Russ.).

39. Khmyz A.I. Expert Situation and Artificial Intelligence. Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2022. No. 3. P. 286–290. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24412/2073-0454-2022-3-286-290

40. Chesnokova E.V. Risk Management in Operations of a Forensic Expert Laboratory. ExpertCriminalist. 2021. No. 2. P. 28–31. (In Russ.).

41. Lapina I.A., Omel’yanyuk G.G, Usov A.I. New Trends in the Field of Forensic Activity as a Response to the Challenges of Our Time. Forensic Examination of Belarus. 2021. No. 1 (12). P. 5–13. (In Russ.).

42. Edzhubov L.G. Expert Situation (Situation). In: Smirnova S.A. (Ed.). Multimodal Edition “Forensic Science: Reset”. Part 2. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Theory of Forensic Science. Moscow: EKOM, 2012. P. 307–309. (In Russ.).

43. Khaziev Sh.N. Forensic Basics of Modern Biometric Technologies. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2023. Vol. 18. No. 1. P. 16–21. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-16-21

44. Bessonov А.А. The Use of Information Technologies in Crime Investigation. Siberian Criminal Procedure and Criminalistic Readings. 2022. No. 1. P. 94–100. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2022.1.94-100

45. Butyrin A.Yu., Prichislova E.V. Forensic Examination of Residential Property. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2011. No. 2 (22). P. 67–72. (In Russ.).

46. Guo H., Hou J. Review of the Accreditation of Digital Forensics in China. Forensic Sciences Research. 2018. Vol. 3. No. 3. P. 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2018.1503526

47. Chesnokova E.V. Modern Digital Technologies for Standardization of Forensic Activities. Bulletin of Criminalistics. 2020. No. 3 (75). P. 97–103. (In Russ.).