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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sudexpert</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теория и практика судебной экспертизы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and Practice of Forensic Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-2785</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30764/1819-2785-2021-4-6-16</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sudexpert-691</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORETICAL ISSUES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предубеждение в судебной экспертизе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bias in Forensic Examination</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-5274</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кокин Андрей Васильевич – д. юр. н., доцент, главный государственный судебный эксперт лаборатории судебной баллистической экспертизы; профессор кафедры экспертно-криминалистической деятельности учебно-научного комплекса судебной экспертизы</p><p>Москва 109028</p><p>Москва 117437</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kokin Andrey Vasil’evich – Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Chief State Forensic Expert at the Laboratory of Forensic Ballistics; Professor atDepartment of Forensic Activities at the Educational and Scientific Forensic Complex</p><p>Moscow 109028</p><p>Moscow 117437</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sbl@sudexpert.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное казенное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Московский университет Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации имени В.Я. Кикотя</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation; Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кокин А.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кокин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kokin A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/691">https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/691</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассмотрены различные аспекты влияния предубеждения на формирование выводов судебного эксперта. Показано, что действие предубеждения особенно негативно в случаях идентификационных экспертиз, когда выводы формулируются исходя из субъективных интерпретаций результатов исследования признаков следов (например, в трасологии, дактилоскопии, баллистике). Отмечается, что в соотношении объективности и субъективности в экспертизах нет четкой границы. Все виды судебных экспертиз существуют в объективно-субъективном континууме, этот факт обуславливает различную достоверность экспертных выводов. Поскольку субъективность лежит в основе образования предубеждения, то минимизировать ее влияние возможно несколькими способами: повышением транспорентности документирования процесса исследования, техническим анализом и верификацией заключения эксперта, использованием количественных критериев оценки при отождествлении совпадающих признаков в сравниваемых следах. Чтобы исключить вероятность предубеждения у эксперта, наиболее логично устранить порождающие его причины, среди которых предоставление излишней контекстной информации, отступление при исследовании объектов от требований методик, а также различные внешние и внутренние воздействия на эксперта</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses various aspects of the influence of bias on the formation of conclusions of a forensic expert. The author highlights that the negative effect of bias is especially significant in identification examinations, where the conclusions are based on subjective interpretations of the results of marks comparison (toolmark, fingerprint, firearms examinations, and others). The author also notes that there is no clear border between objectivity and subjectivity in forensic examinations. All types of forensic examinations exist in an objective-subjective continuum, which causes different conclusions’ reliability. Since subjectivity is the basis for bias formation, minimizing its impact can be achieved in several ways – increasing the “transparency” of documenting the research process, technical analysis and verification of an expert’s opinion, applying quantitative criteria for evaluating the matching features in the compared marks. The most logical way to reduce the influence of bias is to eliminate the causes that give rise to this phenomenon. These are the excessive contextual information provided to the expert, the expert’s deviation from the requirements of methodological recommendations in examining the objects, and various external and internal influences.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дактилоскопия</kwd><kwd>идентификация</kwd><kwd>когнитивная предвзятость</kwd><kwd>контекстная информация</kwd><kwd>предубеждение</kwd><kwd>судебная баллистика</kwd><kwd>судебная экспертиза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fingerprinting</kwd><kwd>identification</kwd><kwd>cognitive bias</kwd><kwd>contextual information</kwd><kwd>bias</kwd><kwd>forensic ballistics</kwd><kwd>forensic examination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аверьянова Т.В. Судебная экспертиза. Курс общей теории. М.: Норма, 2008. 480 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aver’yanova T.V. 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