<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sudexpert</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теория и практика судебной экспертизы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and Practice of Forensic Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-2785</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-62-72</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sudexpert-685</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРТНАЯ ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FORENSIC CASEWORK</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование возможностей молекулярно-генетического экспертного исследования объектов животного происхождения в борьбе с их незаконным оборотом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tapping the Potential of the Molecular Genetic Expert Research of Objects of Animal Origin in the Fight against Their Illegal Trafficking</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арамилев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aramilev</surname><given-names>Sergei V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Арамилев Сергей Владимирович – к. б. н., генеральный директор АНО «Центр «Амурский тигр»</p><p>Москва 101000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aramilev Sergei Vladimirovich – Candidate of Biology, Director of ANO “Amur Tiger”</p><p>Moscow 101000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@amur-tiger.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5778-3286</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гулевская</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulevskaya</surname><given-names>Viktoriya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гулевская Виктория Владимировна – к. юр. н., заместитель заведующего отдела инноваций судебно-экспертной деятельности ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России, доцент кафедры цифровой криминалистики МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана</p><p>Москва 109028; Москва 105005</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulevskaya Viktoriya Vladimirovna – Candidate of Law, Deputy Head of the Department of Innovations in the Practice of Forensic Science of the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Justice; Associate Professor of the DigitalForensics Department of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University</p><p>Moscow 109028; Moscow 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vika-gulevskaja@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-1879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Омельянюк</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Omel’yanyuk</surname><given-names>Georgii G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омельянюк Георгий Георгиевич – д. юр. н., к. б. н., доцент, заместитель директора ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России, профессор кафедры судебно-экспертной деятельности Юридического института ФГАОУ ВО РУДН, профессоркафедры цифровой криминалистики МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана</p><p>Москва 109028; Москва 105005; Москва 117198</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omel’yanyuk Georgii Georgievich – Doctor of Law, Candidate of Biology, Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Justice, Professor of the Department of Forensic Operations, Institute of Law, RUDN University; Professor of the Digital Forensics Department of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University</p><p>Moscow 109028; Moscow 117198; Moscow 105055</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g.omelyanyuk@sudexpert.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-2790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбакова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybakova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыбакова Анна Анатольевна – и. о. заведующего отдела инноваций судебно-экспертной деятельности ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России</p><p>Москва 109028</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rybakova Anna Anatol’evna – Acting Head of the Department of Innovations in Forensic Activities of the Federal Center for Forensic Examination of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation</p><p>Moscow 109028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rybkaa@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8149-7906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стороженко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Storozhenko</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стороженко Ирина Владиленовна – к. б. н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела инноваций судебно-экспертной деятельности ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России</p><p>Москва 109028</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Storozhenko Irina Vladilenovna – Candidate of Biology, Leading Researcher of the Department of Innovations in Forensic Activities of the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the RussianMinistry of Justice</p><p>Moscow 109028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinastor@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Автономная некоммерческая организация «Центр по изучению и сохранению популяции амурского тигра»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Autonomous noncommercial organization “Amur Tiger”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации; ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации; ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана»; ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation; Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Арамилев С.В., Гулевская В.В., Омельянюк Г.Г., Рыбакова А.А., Стороженко И.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арамилев С.В., Гулевская В.В., Омельянюк Г.Г., Рыбакова А.А., Стороженко И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aramilev S.V., Gulevskaya V.V., Omel’yanyuk G.G., Rybakova A.A., Storozhenko I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/685">https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/685</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время правовые основы охраны природных ресурсов от посягательства человека разрабатываются на международном уровне. Однако приведенные в статье статистические данные о назначении наказания лицам, осужденным на территории Российской Федерации по статьям 258 и 258.1 УК РФ в 2020 г., свидетельствуют, что преступления, приводящие к сокращению численности популяций животных, а в итоге к утрате биоразнообразия, сложно доказуемы, а наказание в виде лишения свободы назначается лишь в единичных случаях. Молекулярно-генетические методы исследования биологического материала диких животных позволяют восполнить существенную часть недостающих сведений либо получить новую доказательственную информацию об обстоятельствах преступлений, в том числе и незаконной охоты. Использование ДНК-штрихкодирования делает возможным установление таксономической принадлежности живых организмов, когда классические методы не работают. Например, если организм представлен микроколичеством биологических тканей, а также находится на стадиях жизненного цикла (яйцо, личинка, зародыш) с недостаточным числом морфологических признаков. Таким образом, передовые ДНК-технологии позволяют получить колоссальный объем прежде недоступной информации. Проблема незаконной торговли дикими животными, продаваемыми как «выращенные в неволе», актуальна для индустрии домашних животных и зоопарков и имеет последствия как для благополучия отдельных существ, так и для сохранения природной среды в целом. Методы, основанные на исследовании ДНК, могут быть применены при решении задач, связанных с установлением источника происхождения животного, в некоторых случаях – его места обитания.</p><p>В статье приведены примеры успешного применения молекулярно-генетических методов при расследовании правонарушений в отношении животных из экспертной практики Центра по изучению и сохранению популяции амурского тигра.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Currently, the legal framework for protecting natural resources from human assault is being developed at the international level. However, the statistical data on the sentencing of persons convicted on the territory of the Russian Federation under Articles 258 and 258.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 2020 given in the article indicates: the crimes causing the reduction in the number of animal populations, and as a result, the loss of biodiversity, are challenging to prove; a small number of perpetrators are brought to criminal responsibility; punishment in the form of imprisonment is imposed only in isolated cases. However, using molecular genetic research methods for the biological material of wild animals, it is possible to fill in a significant part of the missing information or obtain new evidentiary information about the circumstances of crimes, including illegal hunting. The application of the DNA barcoding method, developed in the early 2000s, makes it possible to establish the taxonomic affiliation of living organisms when it is impossible to do this by classical methods, for example, if the organism is represented by a micro-number of biological tissues, and is also at the stages of the life cycle (egg, larva, embryo) with an insufficient number of morphological features. Thus, advanced DNA technologies allow us to obtain a considerable amount of previously inaccessible information.</p><p>The issue of the illegal wild animal trafficking sold as “raised in captivity” is relevant for the pet industry and zoos and has implications both for animal welfare and the preservation of the natural environment. Methods based on the DNA analysis can also be applied for solving problems related to establishing the source of origin of the animal, in some cases – its habitat. The article provides cases from expert practice of ANO “Amur Tiger” when using molecular genetic methods of wild animal analysis allowed solving investigative and judicial tasks.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>объекты животного происхождения</kwd><kwd>торговля дикими животными</kwd><kwd>судебная молекулярно-генетическая экспертиза</kwd><kwd>ДНК-штрихкод</kwd><kwd>ДНК</kwd><kwd>таксономическая принадлежность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>objects of animal origin</kwd><kwd>wild animals trafficking</kwd><kwd>forensic molecular – genetic analysis</kwd><kwd>the DNA barcode</kwd><kwd>the DNA</kwd><kwd>taxonomic affiliation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щелканов М.Ю., Галкина И.В., Арамилев С.В., Суровый А.Л., Фоменко П.В., Журавлёв Ю.Н. Дальневосточный банк биологических материалов от крупных кошачьих (pantherinae) как инструмент совершенствования практики применения статей 226.1 и 258.1 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации // Всероссийский криминологический журнал. 2017. Т. 11. № 1. C. 146–153. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2017.11(1).146-153</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkanov M.Yu., Galkina I.V., Aramilev S.V., Surovyi A.L., Fomenko P.V., Zhuravlev Yu.N. Far Eastern Bank of Biological Materials (FE BBM) from Big Cats (Pantherinae) as an Improvement Tool of the Practice of Enforcement of Articles 226.1 and 258.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Russian Journal of Criminology. 2017. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 146–153. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2017.11(1).146-153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова С.А., Омельянюк Г.Г., Гулевская В.В., Перфилова Т.В., Никулина М.В. Судебная экспертиза объектов дикой флоры и фауны: современное состояние и перспективы развития в Российской Федерации // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. 2020. Т. 15. № 1. C. 84–93. https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2020-1-84-93</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova S.A., Omel’yanyuk G.G., Gulevskaya V.V., Perfilova T.V., Nikulina M.V. Wildlife Forensics: Current State and Development Perspectives in the Russian Federation. (In Russ.). Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2020. Vol. 15. No. 1. P. 84–93. https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2020-1-84-93</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hanley N., Mikac K.M. Wildlife Crime in Croatia // Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology. 2020. Vol. 16. P. 702–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-020-00293-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hanley N., Mikac K.M. Wildlife Crime in Croatia. Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology. 2020. Vol. 16. P. 702–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-020-00293-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Омельянюк Г.Г., Хазиев Ш.Н., Гулевская В.В. Судебно-экспертное обеспечение расследования преступных посягательств на тигров // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. 2017. Т. 12. № 2. C. 18–26. https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-2-18-26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omel’yanyuk G.G., Khaziev Sh.N., Gulevskaya V.V. Forensic Assistance in the Investigation of Crimes against Tigers. Theory andPractice of Forensic Science. 2017. Vol. 12. No. 2. P. 18–26. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-2-18-26</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арамилев С.В., Киселёва Е.С., Фоменко П.В. Проведение судебных экспертиз в отношении амурского тигра и других животных: проблемы и пути их решения // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. 2017. Т. 12. № 3. C. 105–109. https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-3-105-109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aramilev S.V., Kiseleva E.S., Fomenko P.V. Forensic Investigation of Crimes Against the Amur Tiger and Other Animals: Problems and Solutions. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2017. Vol. 12. No. 3. P. 105–109. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-3-105-109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова С.А., Омельянюк Г.Г., Стороженко И.В., Рыбакова А.А., Гулевская В.В. Судебная молекулярно-генетическая экспертиза объектов биологического происхождения – новое направление судебно-экспертной деятельности Минюста России // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. 2021. Т. 16. № 1. С. 6–18. https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-1-6-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova S.A., Omel’yanyuk G.G., Storozhenko I.V., Rybakova A.A., Gulevskaya V.V. Forensic Molecular-Genetic Analysis of Objects of Biological Origin – a New Direction of Forensic Activity of the Russian Ministry of Justice. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2021. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 6–18. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-1-6-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butler J.M. Non-human DNA. In: Butler J.M. (Ed). Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology. Academic Press, 2011. P. 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374513-2.00016-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butler J.M. Non-human DNA. In: Butler J.M. (Ed). Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology. Academic Press, 2011. P. 473–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374513-2.00016-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sensabaugh G., Kaye D.H. Non-human DNA Evidence // Jurimetrics. 1998. Vol. 38. No. 1. P. 1–16. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29762581</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sensabaugh G., Kaye D.H. Non-human DNA Evidence. Jurimetrics. 1998. Vol. 38. No. 1. P. 1–16. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29762581</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Andrea F., Fridez F., Coquoz R. Preliminary Experiments on the Transfer of Animal Hair During Simulated Criminal Behavior // Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1998. Vol. 43. No. 6. P. 1257–1258. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS14399J</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Andrea F., Fridez F., Coquoz R. Preliminary Experiments on the Transfer of Animal Hair During Simulated Criminal Behavior. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1998. Vol. 43. No. 6. P. 1257–1258. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS14399J</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hebert P.D.N., Cywinska A., Ball Sh.L., De-Waard J.R. Biological Identifications Through DNA Barcodes // Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences. 2003. Vol. 270. No. 1512. P. 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hebert P.D.N., Cywinska A., Ball Sh.L., De-Waard J.R. Biological Identifications Through DNA Barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences. 2003. Vol. 270. No. 1512. P. 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеховцов С.В., Шеховцова И.Н., Пельтек С.Е. ДНК-штрихкодирование: методы и подходы // Успехи современной биологии. 2019. Т. 139. № 3. C. 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0042132419030074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shekhovtsov S.V., Shekhovtsova I.N., Peltek S.E. DNA Barcoding: Methods and Approaches. Advances in Modern Biology. 2019. Vol. 139. No .3. P. 211–220. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0042132419030074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнеер В.С. ДНК-штрихкодирование видов животных и растений – способ их молекулярной идентификации и изучения биоразнообразия // Журнал общей биологии. 2009. Т. 70. № 4. C. 296–315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shneyer V.S. DNA Barcoding of Animal and Plant Species as an Approach for Their Molecular Identification and Describing of Diversity. Journal of General Biology. 2009. Vol. 70. No. 4. P. 296–315. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent S., Robyn S.C., Alfried P.V., George K.R., Richard L. Towards Writing the Encyclopedia of Life: An Introduction to DNA Barcoding // Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences. 2005. Vol. 360. P. 1805–1811. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1730</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent S., Robyn S.C., Alfried P.V., George K.R., Richard L. Towards Writing the Encyclopedia of Life: An Introduction to DNA Barcoding. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences. 2005. Vol. 360. P. 1805–1811. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1730</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staudacher K., Wallinger C., Schallhart N., Traugott M. Detecting Ingested Plant DNA in Soil-Living Insect Larvae // Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2011. Vol. 43. No. 2. P. 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.10.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staudacher K., Wallinger C., Schallhart N., Traugott M. Detecting Ingested Plant DNA in Soil-Living Insect Larvae. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2011. Vol. 43. No. 2. P. 346–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.10.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Etzler F.E., Wanner K.W., Morales-Rodriguez A., Ivie M.A. DNA Barcoding to Improve the Species-level Management of Wireworms (Coleoptera:Elateridae) // Journal of EconomicEntomology. 2014. Vol. 107. No. 4. P. 1476–1485. http://doi.org/10.1603/EC13312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Etzler F.E., Wanner K.W., Morales-Rodriguez A., Ivie M.A. DNA Barcoding to Improve the Species-level Management of Wireworms (Coleoptera:Elateridae). Journal of EconomicEntomology. 2014. Vol. 107. No. 4. P. 1476–1485. http://doi.org/10.1603/EC13312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыбовский И.С., Котова С.А., Забавская Т.В., Спивак Е.А., Лукашкова О.Н. Молекулярно-генетическая идентификация биологических следов диких животных при расследовании дел о незаконной охоте в Республике Беларусь // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. 2018. Т. 13. № 4. C. 116–123. https://doi.org/10.30764/10.30764/1819-2785-2018-13-4-116-123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsybovsky I.S., Kotova S.A., Zabavskaya T.V., Spivak E.A., Lukashkova O.N. DNA Identification of Biological Traces in Forensic Casework for Investigation of Illegal Hunting in Belarus. Theory and Practice of Forensic Science. 2018. Vol. 13. No. 4. P. 116–123. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30764/10.30764/1819-2785-2018-13-4-116-123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCord B.R., Gauthier Q., Cho S., Roig M.N., Gibson-Daw G.C., Young B., Taglia F., Zapico S.C., Mariot R.F., Lee S.B., Dunca G. Forensic DNA Analysis // Analytical Chemistry. 2019. Vol. 91. No. 1. P. 673–688. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCord B.R., Gauthier Q., Cho S., Roig M.N., Gibson-Daw G.C., Young B., Taglia F., Zapico S.C., Mariot R.F., Lee S.B., Dunca G. Forensic DNA Analysis. Analytical Chemistry. 2019. Vol. 91. No. 1. P. 673–688. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masters A., Ogden R., Wetton J.H., Dawnay N. Defining End User Requirements for a Field-Based Molecular Detection System for Wildlife Forensic Investigations // Forensic Science International. 2019. Vol. 301. P. 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masters A., Ogden R., Wetton J.H., Dawnay N. Defining End User Requirements for a Field-Based Molecular Detection System for Wildlife Forensic Investigations. Forensic Science International. 2019. Vol. 301. P. 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barmintseva A.E., Mugue N.S. The Use of Microsatellite Loci for Identification of Sturgeon Species (Acipenseridae) and Hybrid Forms // Russian Journal of Genetics. 2013. Vol. 49. No. 9. P. 1093–1105. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795413090032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barmintseva A.E., Mugue N.S. The Use of Microsatellite Loci for Identification of Sturgeon Species (Acipenseridae) and Hybrid Forms. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2013. Vol. 49. No. 9. P. 1093–1105. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795413090032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rozhnov V.V., Lukarevskiy V.S., Sorokin P.A. Application of Molecular Genetic Characteristics for Reintroduction of the Leopard (Panthera Pardus L., 1758) in the Caucasus // Doklady Biological Sciences. 2011. Vol. 437. 2011. P. 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496611020062</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozhnov V.V., Lukarevskiy V.S., Sorokin P.A. Application of Molecular Genetic Characteristics for Reintroduction of the Leopard (Panthera Pardus L., 1758) in the Caucasus. Doklady Biological Sciences. 2011. Vol. 437. 2011. P. 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496611020062</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan D., Luo J.Y., Han Y.M., Peng C., Dong X.P., Chen S.L., Sun L.G., Xiao X.H. Forensic DNA Barcoding and Bio-Response Studies of Animal Horn Products Used in Traditional Medicine // PLOS ONE. 2013. Vol. 8 No. 2. e55854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055854</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan D., Luo J.Y., Han Y.M., Peng C., Dong X.P., Chen S.L., Sun L.G., Xiao X.H. Forensic DNA Barcoding and Bio-Response Studies of Animal Horn Products Used in Traditional Medicine. PLOS ONE. 2013. Vol. 8 No. 2. e55854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055854</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugimoto T., Nagata J., Aramilev V.V., Belozor A., Higashi S., McCullough D. Species and Sex Identification from Faecal Samples of Sympatric Carnivores, Amur Leopard and Siberian Tiger, in the Russian Far East // Conservation Genetics. 2006. Vol. 7. P. 799–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-9071-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugimoto T., Nagata J., Aramilev V.V., Belozor A., Higashi S., McCullough D. Species and Sex Identification from Faecal Samples of Sympatric Carnivores, Amur Leopard and Siberian Tiger, in the Russian Far East. Conservation Genetics. 2006. Vol. 7. P. 799–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-9071-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Winters M., Torkelson A., Booth R., Mailand C., Hoareau Y., Tucker S., Wasser S.K. Isolation of DNA from Small Amounts of Elephant Ivory: Sampling the Cementum with Total Demineralization Extraction // Forensic Science International. 2018. No. 288. P. 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Winters M., Torkelson A., Booth R., Mailand C., Hoareau Y., Tucker S., Wasser S.K. Isolation of DNA from Small Amounts of Elephant Ivory: Sampling the Cementum with Total Demineralization Extraction. Forensic Science International. 2018. No. 288. P. 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.04.036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Summerell A.E., Frankham G.J., Gunn P., Johnson R.N. DNA Based Method for Determining Source Country of the Short Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossusaculeatus) in the Illegal Wildlife Trade // Forensic Science International. 2019. No. 295. P. 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Summerell A.E., Frankham G.J., Gunn P., Johnson R.N. DNA Based Method for Determining Source Country of the Short Beaked Echidna (Tachyglossusaculeatus) in the Illegal Wildlife Trade. Forensic Science International. 2019. No. 295. P. 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan K.I., Ewart K.M., Nguyen T.Q., Sitam F.T., Ouitavon K., Lightson A.L., Kotze A., McEwing R. Avoiding Common Numts to Provide Reliable Species Identification for Tiger Parts // Forensic Science International: Reports. 2020. No. 3. 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100166</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan K.I., Ewart K.M., Nguyen T.Q., Sitam F.T., Ouitavon K., Lightson A.L., Kotze A., McEwing R. Avoiding Common Numts to Provide Reliable Species Identification for Tiger Parts // Forensic Science International: Reports. 2020. No. 3. 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100166</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wan Q.H., Fang S.G. Application of Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Forensic Identification of Tiger Species // Forensic Science International. 2003. Vol. 131. No. 1. P. 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00398-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wan Q.H., Fang S.G. Application of Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction in the Forensic Identification of Tiger Species. Forensic Science International. 2003. Vol. 131. No. 1. P. 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(02)00398-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ÁngelPardo M., Jiméneza E., Viðarssonb J.R., Ólafssonb K., Ólafsdóttirb G., Daníelsdóttirb A.K., Pérez-Villareala B. DNA Barcoding Revealing Mislabeling of Seafood in European Mass Caterings // Food Control. 2018. Vol. 92. P. 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ÁngelPardo M., Jiméneza E., Viðarssonb J.R., Ólafssonb K., Ólafsdóttirb G., Daníelsdóttirb A.K., Pérez-Villareala B. DNA Barcoding Revealing Mislabeling of Seafood in European Mass Caterings. Food Control. 2018. Vol. 92. P. 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
