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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sudexpert</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теория и практика судебной экспертизы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and Practice of Forensic Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-2785</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-69-88</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sudexpert-666</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ И СРЕДСТВА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METHODS AND TOOLS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование количественных характеристик изображения документов для идентификации лазерных принтеров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Using Quantitative Characteristics of Document Images for Identiﬁcation of Laser Printers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-9271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петров Сергей Михайлович – заведующий отделом криминалистических экспертиз</p><p>Калининград 236035</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petrov Sergei Mikhailovich – Head of the Forensic Examination Department</p><p>Kaliningrad 236035</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pruss@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Калининградская лаборатория судебной экспертизы Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kaliningrad Laboratory of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>69</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Петров С.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петров С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrov S.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/666">https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/666</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлены краткий обзор современного состояния теории и практики идентификации лазерных принтеров и результаты исследовательской работы, направленной на поиск индивидуальных признаков печатающего механизма лазерного принтера.</p><p>Рассмотрена схема лазерного принтера, дано описание цикла печати, изложены основные результаты анализа механизма принтера и влияния его отдельных деталей на оптическую плотность печати. Предложен метод оценки оптической плотности печати по цифровому изображению документа, разобран комплекс необходимых для этого технических и программных средств.</p><p>Выдвинута и подтверждена гипотеза о корреляции между колебаниями оптической плотности печати сплошных заливок и колебаниями площади печатных элементов, предложено наглядное представление результатов исследования в графическом виде, обоснована взаимосвязь формы полученных графиков с дефектами узлов и деталей принтера. Предложены способы выявления неоднородности плотности печати на массивах текста по изменениям площади печатных элементов и обработки результатов, что позволяет сравнивать распределения для текстов, напечатанных шрифтами различного размера и начертания. На экспериментальном материале обоснована индивидуальность формы полученных распределений и возможность их использования в качестве идентифицирующих признаков устройства печати.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article provides a brief overview of the current state of the theory and practice of identifying laser printers and the results of research work aimed at discovering individual features of the printing mechanism of a laser printer.</p><p>The author analyses the scheme of a laser printer, describes the printing cycle, presents the main results of the analysis of a printer’s mechanism and the inﬂuence of its individual parts on the optical density of printing. The method of assessment of the optical density of the print by the digital image of the printed document is proposed, the complex of the necessary technical and program tools is described.</p><p>A hypothesis on the correlation between ﬂuctuations in the optical density of printing of solid ﬁlls and ﬂuctuations in the area of printed elements was put forward and conﬁrmed; a visual representation of the study results in graphical form is presented, the relationship between the shape of the obtained graphs and defects of the printer’s components and parts is substantiated. The author proposes ways to detect the inhomogeneity of printing density on text arrays based on changes in the area of printed elements and processing of the results, which allows comparing distributions for texts printed in fonts of diﬀerent sizes and styles. Based on experimental material, the individuality of the form of the obtained distributions and the possibility of their use as identifying features of the printing device are substantiated.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>техническая экспертиза документов</kwd><kwd>криминалистическая идентификация</kwd><kwd>электрофотография</kwd><kwd>лазерный принтер</kwd><kwd>полошение</kwd><kwd>количественные идентификационные признаки</kwd><kwd>детали принтера</kwd><kwd>плотность печати</kwd><kwd>распределение величин</kwd><kwd>корреляция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>questioned documents examination</kwd><kwd>forensic identiﬁcation</kwd><kwd>electrophotography</kwd><kwd>laser printer</kwd><kwd>banding</kwd><kwd>quantitative identiﬁcation features</kwd><kwd>printer parts</kwd><kwd>print density</kwd><kwd>distribution of values</kwd><kwd>correlation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шашкин С.Б. 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