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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sudexpert</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теория и практика судебной экспертизы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and Practice of Forensic Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-2785</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30764/1819-2785-2020-1-109-117</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sudexpert-583</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРТНАЯ ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FORENSIC CASEWORK</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Проблема подклассовых признаков в судебно-баллистической идентификации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Problem of Subclass Features in Forensic Firearms Identification</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4019-5055</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гиверц</surname><given-names>П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Giverts</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гиверц Павел – эксперт-баллист подразделения идентификации и судебной экспертизы полиции Израиля, почетный член Ассоциации экспертов огнестрельного оружия и трасологов (AFTE), член рабочей группы Firearms/GSR Европейской сети судебно-экспертных учреждений (ENFSI)</p><p>Иерусалим 91906</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Giverts Pavel – Firearms Examiner in Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, distinguished member of Association of Firearms and Toolmarks Examiners (AFTE), associated member of Firearms/GSR working group of European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI)</p><p>Jerusalem 91906</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pavel.giverts@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2772-5274</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кокин Андрей Васильевич – доктор юридических наук, главный государственный судебный эксперт лаборатории судебной трасологической и баллистической экспертизы ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России, профессор кафедры экспертнокриминалистической деятельности учебнонаучного комплекса судебной экспертизы Московского университета МВД России имени В.Я. Кикотя</p><p>Москва 109028, </p><p>Москва 117437</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kokin Andrey Vasil’evich – Doctor of Law, Master Forensic Examiner at the Laboratory of Toolmarks and Ballistics Examinations of the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Jus­tice, Professor of Department of Forensic Activities at Educational and Scientific Forensic Complex of Mos­cow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation</p><p>Mos­cow 109028, </p><p>Moscow 117437</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sbl@sudexpert.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Штаб-квартира национальной полиции Израиля</institution><country>Израиль</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Israel National Police H.Q.</institution><country>Israel</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации;&#13;
ФГКОУ ВО «Московский университет Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации имени В.Я. Кикотя»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гиверц П., Кокин А.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гиверц П., Кокин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Giverts Р., Kokin A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/583">https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/583</self-uri><abstract><p>В российской школе судебно-баллистической идентификации в следах оружия на пулях и гильзах принято выделять общие и частные признаки. Первая группа – это признаки, присущие всем экземплярам оружия одной модели и характеризующие их детали в целом: форма, размеры, расположение, взаиморасположение. Вторая группа – это частные (индивидуальные) признаки, ко­торые уникальны и проявляются только в одном экземпляре оружия. Частные признаки использу­ются для криминалистической идентификации, в то время как общие признаки могут применяться только для определения типа и модели огнестрельного оружия.  В западной методологии (Европа и США) судебно-баллистической идентификации выделяется еще и третий тип признаков – подклассовые. Эти признаки являются результатом производственных процессов и могут быть представлены в их следах в группе последовательно изготовленных де­талей. Условно их можно расположить между общими и частными признаками. Одной из проблем современной идентификации огнестрельного оружия является ложное восприятие подклассовых признаков как частных и, как результат, формулирование ошибочного положительного вывода о тождестве.  В статье рассмотрена проблема подклассовых признаков, приведены примеры и обзор литературы. Описано влияние различных технологических процессов на возможность проявления этого типа признаков.  </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Russian school of forensic firearms investigation traditionally recognizes common and individual features of traces on bullets and cartridge cases. The first are characteristics inherent in all weapons of the same model and describing their details in general: shape, size, location, relative position. The second type are individual characteristics, which are unique and present only in one firearm. The individual features are used for forensic identification, while the common can be used only for the identification of a firearm’s type and model.  The Western (West Europe and the USA) methodology of forensic ballistic identification recognizes the third type of traits – subclass characteristics. These marks are the result of manufacturing processes and can be present in a group of sequentially produced parts. Conventionally they can be placed between class and individual characteristics. One of the problems in contemporary firearms identification is the wrong recognition of subclass marks as individual marks and, as a result, giving false-positive conclusions of identification.  The article discusses the problem of subclass features, gives examples, presents a review of the literature. The influence of various technological processes on the possibility of showing up of these marks is described.  </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>огнестрельное оружие</kwd><kwd>следы</kwd><kwd>идентификация</kwd><kwd>общие признаки</kwd><kwd>частные признаки</kwd><kwd>подклассовые признаки</kwd><kwd>судебная баллистическая экспертиза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>firearm</kwd><kwd>traces</kwd><kwd>identification</kwd><kwd>common features</kwd><kwd>individual characteristics</kwd><kwd>subclass characteristics</kwd><kwd>forensic ballistics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goddard C.Н. Scientific Identification of Firearms and Bullets. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1926. Vol. 17. Issue 2. 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