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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sudexpert</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теория и практика судебной экспертизы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and Practice of Forensic Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-2785</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30764//1819-2785-2019-14-4-125-136</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sudexpert-562</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРТНАЯ ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FORENSIC CASEWORK</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Криминалистическое исследование фонограмм формата MP3</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Forensic Investigation of MP3 Audio Recordings</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бояров</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyarov</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бояров Александр Григорьевич – старший государственный судебный эксперт лаборатории судебной экспертизы видео- и звукозаписей</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boyarov Alexander Grigorievich – Senior State Forensic Expert at Forensic Video and Audio Laboratory</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sass2002@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сипаров</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Siparov</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сипаров Иван Сергеевич – государственный судебный эксперт</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Siparov Ivan Sergeevich – State Forensic Expert</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ivan@siparov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Северо-Западный региональный центр судебной экспертизы Министерства юстиции Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-West Regional Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бояров А.Г., Сипаров И.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бояров А.Г., Сипаров И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Boyarov A.G., Siparov I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/562">https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/562</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассмотрены специальные аспекты технического исследования фонограмм в формате MP3. Раскрыты особенности формирования и исследования MP3-фонограмм: следы кодирования MP3 во временной и спектральной областях, особенности анализа структуры MP3-файлов, методы обнаружения перекодирования MP3-записей, методы групповой идентификации MP3-рекордеров и MP3-кодеков.</p><p>Кодирование MP3 оставляет определенные следы его использования. Из-за психоакустической модели неразличимые спектральные компоненты удаляются из спектра сигнала. Следы использования психоакустических кодеков также хорошо видны на динамической спектрограмме в виде прямоугольных областей с близкой к нулевой энергией спектра. Представленные в статье методы позволяют определить точное положение фрейма MP3 в сигнале по его свойствам. Предлагаемые методы выявляют кодирование, множественное кодирование, а также редактирование аудио без перекодирования – путем исследования периодичности обнаруживаемых по карте размещения фреймов.</p><p>Формат файла MP3 определяет структуру заголовка фрейма, обеспечивая обнаружение любой периодичности всех особенностей MP3-фреймов. Инструмент, основанный на этом подходе, выявляет нарушения порядка в MP3-фреймах, обусловленные редактированием в «цифровой» области – ручным удалением аудиоинформации с помощью HEX-редактора.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Special aspects of MP3-recordings technical investigation are addressed. The following features of formation and research of MP3 phonograms are explained: traces of MP3 coding in time and spectral domain, special aspects of MP3-files structure analysis, detection methods of re-coding of MP3-recordings, methods of group identification of MP3-recorders and MP3-codecs.</p><p>MP3 coding leaves certain traces of its usage. Due to the psychoacoustic model inaudible spectral components are deleted from the signal spectrum. Traces of psychoacoustic codecs usage are also clearly seen via dynamic spectrogram as rectangular areas of zero spectral amplitude. The methods discussed in this paper enable the investigating expert to detect the exact position of the MP3 frame in the signal by its properties even without any information from the file header. This method reveals the coding itself, multiple coding and also audio editing by the investigation of the periodicity of the extracted frames’ positions.</p><p>MP3 file format specifies the structure of the frame header providing a perfect instrument to detect any periodicity of any peculiarities of MP3 frames. The tool based on this approach reveals MP3 frames disorder caused by editing in the “digital” domain – manual deletion of audio information using HEX editor.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экспертиза видео- и звукозаписей</kwd><kwd>экспертиза цифровых фонограмм</kwd><kwd>MP3- кодирование</kwd><kwd>поиск монтажа</kwd><kwd>заголовки MP3-фреймов</kwd><kwd>анализ сдвига границ фреймов</kwd><kwd>НС-фрагмент</kwd><kwd>карта размещения фреймов MP3-файлов</kwd><kwd>PN-формула</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic video and audio examination</kwd><kwd>digital audio forensics</kwd><kwd>MP3-encoding</kwd><kwd>detection of double MP3 compression</kwd><kwd>tampering detection</kwd><kwd>audio authenticity analysis</kwd><kwd>MP3-frames headers</kwd><kwd>frame shift offsets</kwd><kwd>SC-fragment</kwd><kwd>MP3 file frame allocation map</kwd><kwd>PN-formula</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бояров А.Г. 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No. 1. P. 65–72. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
