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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sudexpert</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теория и практика судебной экспертизы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Theory and Practice of Forensic Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-2785</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7275</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30764/1819-2785-2018-13-4-6-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sudexpert-462</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORETICAL ISSUES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование вероятностно-статистических методов при оценке значимости результатов экспертного исследования в отечественной и зарубежной судебно-экспертной практике (сравнительный анализ)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Use of Probabilistic and Statistical Methods to Test the Significance of Scientific Evidence: Comparative Analysis of Current Forensic Practices in Russia and Abroad</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-5102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усов</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. ю. н., профессор, первый заместитель директора</p><p>профессор кафедры судебно-экспертной деятельности юридического института</p><p>профессор кафедры юриспруденции, интеллектуальной собственности и судебной экспертизы</p><p>член AAFS</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Law, Full Professor, First Deputy Director</p><p>Professor of the Department of Forensic Examination Activities</p><p>Professor of the Law, Intellectual Property and Forensic Science Department</p><p>member of AAFS</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.usov@sudexpert.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5306-7802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Градусова</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gradusova</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая лабораторией судебных почвоведческих и биологических экспертиз</p><p>магистрант кафедры судебно-экспертной деятельности юридического института</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Laboratory of Forensic Biology and Soil Analysis</p><p>Master’s Student at the Department of Forensic Examination Activities</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o.gradusova@sudexpert.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3753-3276</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuz’min</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. ю. н., ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>доцент кафедры судебно-экспертной деятельности юридического института</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Law, Leading Researcher</p><p>Associate Professor of the Department of Forensic Examination Activities</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sakuzmin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University);&#13;
Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University);</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное бюджетное учреждение Российский федеральный центр судебной экспертизы при Министерстве юстиции Российской Федерации;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Усов А.И., Градусова О.Б., Кузьмин С.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Усов А.И., Градусова О.Б., Кузьмин С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Usov A.I., Gradusova O.B., Kuz’min S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/462">https://www.tipse.ru/jour/article/view/462</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме выработки научно обоснованных подходов и количественных критериев оценки степени достоверности результатов экспертных исследований с учетом контекстной информации, содержащейся в материалах дела, на основе отношения правдоподобия. Рассматривается эволюция системы взглядов на данную проблему в теории отечественной и зарубежной судебной экспертизы и анализируется руководство Европейской сети судебно-экспертных учреждений по оценочной отчетности в судебной экспертизе, опубликованное в 2015 г. Данное руководство является практическим пособием по оценке экспертами доказательственной значимости выводов, получаемых ими в результате проведения исследований в конкретных видах судебной экспертизы, и содержит рекомендации по оформлению результатов такой оценки в рамках так называемого оценочного отчета. Отправной точкой проведенного сравнительного анализа выбрана проблема отношения правовой системы и ее субъектов к результатам судебно-экспертного исследования как в общем, так и к иным судебным доказательствам, выраженным в вероятной форме. В настоящее время вероятностный способ описания неопределенностей, пришедший из естественно-научной практики, прочно обосновался в криминалистике и судебной экспертизе. В отечественном законодательстве, в теории и практике судебной экспертизы сформировалась четкая позиция, в соответствии с которой вероятность рассматривается как синоним предположения. За рубежом к вероятностям подходят иначе.Авторы отмечают практическую ценность дальнейшего развития данного подхода как для судебной экспертизы, так и для смежных с ней областей деятельности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article addresses the problem of developing scientifically sound approaches and quantitative criteria for assessing reliability of expert evidence that take into account the contextual information contained in case materials and are based on likelihood ratios. The evolution of the system of views on this problem in forensic science theory in Russia and abroad is considered, and the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes Guideline for Evaluative Reporting in Forensic Science is analyzed. The Guideline was published in 2015. This manual is a practical tool for experts assessing the evidentiary value of their conclusions resulting from specific types of forensic examination. It also sets out recommendations on how to present the results of such an assessment in the format of the so-called “evaluative report”. The starting point of the comparative analysis is the problem of how the legal system and its subjects interpret the results reported by an expert witness, as well as any other forensic evidence expressed in probabilistic terms. At present the probabilistic way of describing uncertainties, originating in the natural sciences, is firmly established in criminalistics and forensic science. A clear position that has formed in the context of the Russian legislation, theory and practice of forensic expertise is to interpret probability as synonymous with assumption. In the foreign forensic science community the fate of probabilities was different. The authors emphasize the practical value of further improving the tools for assessing the reliability of examination results in the forensic sciences and related areas.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>судебная экспертиза</kwd><kwd>оценка результатов экспертного исследования</kwd><kwd>частотно-вероятностный метод</kwd><kwd>отношение правдоподобия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>forensic science</kwd><kwd>expert evidence interpretation</kwd><kwd>frequentist approach</kwd><kwd>likelihood ratio</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова С.А. Вызовы времени и экспертные технологии правоприменения. Мультимодальное издание «Судебная экспертиза: перезагрузка». Ч. 1. М.: ЭКОМ, 2012. 656 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova S.A. Current challenges and expert technologies of law enforcement. 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